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Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause birth defects?

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Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause birth defects?

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10

A few studies have been suggestive of birth defects. One study found a 17-fold increase in the incidence of anencephaly associated with maternal smoking and another found an increased incidence of congenital heart disease. However, there have been no consistent findings of a pattern of birth defects associated with maternal smoking and additional studies are needed controlling for other important factors that may impact on fetal development.

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