How did Edwin Hubble determine that the Great Galaxy in Andromeda is located beyond our galaxy?
Hubble realized that dimmer galaxies were probably farther away tha brighter galaxies. Thus, he tried to determine if there is a relation between the distances to galaxies and their red shifts. Using estimated distances based on relative brightness and the observed Doppler red shifts, Hubble discovered that galaxies that exhibit the greatest red shifts are the most distant.
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