How do the muscular and skeletal systems work together in the cardiovascular system?
The functioning of muscles and bones not only depends on oxygen and nutrients delivered by the cardiovascular system, but the muscular and skeletal systems in turn affect the heart, the blood vessels and contents of the blood.Cardiac OutputDuring musculoskeletal activity (exercise), cardiac output can increase from a resting value of 5 L per minute to 35 L per minute, according to the book “Human Physiology, Eighth Edition,” by Arthur Vander, et al.Blood PressureIn exercise, systolic blood pressure can rise by 50 percent due to an increase in stroke volume and the speed at which the heart ejects blood, observes Vander et al.Skeletal-Muscle PumpAccording to “Biology, Fifth Edition,” by Neil Campbell, et al, skeletal muscle contraction compresses veins running through muscles, squeezing deoxygenated blood back to the lungs via the heart.CalciumLow calcium levels in the blood trigger the secretion of parathyroid hormone. This has several effects, including the release of calcium from bone
