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How many Crusades were there in medieval times?

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How many Crusades were there in medieval times?

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As with many “how many were there” questions, the answer depends on one’s definition of the category, in this case “Crusades”. Many today seem to think it means any Medieval war between Christians and non-Christians. Others mean only the wars between the Christians and Moslems over control of the Holy Sepulchre and the Temple Mount. But THE actual Crusades were something far more specific, with a clear religious factor: the single factor that defines a Crusade is that the crusader through his struggles, sacrifices, and suffereings, earned indulgence for venial sin under the Roman Catholic penitential system. That is, a Crusade was a campaign specifically called or authorized by the Pope, promising an early release from Purgatory to those who participated. Historians typically talk of 9 crusades against for the Holy Land – though the 4th got turned against Byzantium, and the 8th was an aborted siege of Tunis. To add confusion, the 5th & 6th are often counted as only 1, as are the 8th &

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