What are primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers?
Consumers that feed directly on producers are primary consumers. Herbivores are primary consumers. Predators that eat the primary consumers are secondary consumers, and those that feed on the secondary consumers are the tertiary consumers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores. These three levels of consumers help ecologists describe how energy and materials flow through ecosystems. 55. Describe how the flow of energy in an ecosystem can be modeled using a pyramid of energy. Much of the energy contained in a particular trophic level is NOT passed on to the next level during predation. For example, only 5 to 20% of the energy contained in diatoms and dinoflagellates and other members of the phytoplankton is passed on to the zooplankton that consume them. The 80 to 95% of the energy that is lost to the organisms is usually lost as heat energy to the environment. As a rule of thumb, the average amount of energy lost between trophic levels is 90%. The trophic structure of an ecos
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