What is the distinction described by Oyserman and Lauffer of individualism versus collectivism?
Individualism is a cultural frame that emphasizes individual goals, independence, freedom of choice, and personal happiness. Collectivism focuses on groups, obedience, tradition, conformity and harmony in society. As these groups are very different in their values, the authors do not state that it is better to be one or the other. They feel that a blend of both would be ideal. They do, however feel that out-group status can be precarious in collectivistic societies. Out-groups are viewed with suspicion and are seen as a threat to the in-group. Individualism is suspect to them as well. Whereas individualism focuses on democracy and individual rights, believing that there is common humanity in everyone. With these characteristics Oyserman and Lauffer conclude that there is a much greater risk for inter-group violence, and dehumanization of the out- groups. This true, all societies subscribe to a mix of values. A small level of collectivism is necessary to keep a group or society intact.
