What practices contribute to effective classroom management?
• Research has consistently shown that basic commonsense planning and groundwork go a long way toward preventing discipline problems from ever developing. Simple measures include starting the year properly, arranging the classroom for effective instruction, setting class rules and procedures, and making expectations of conduct clear to students. • Different grade levels and student groups present different management concerns. For instance, with younger students, teachers need to be concerned about socializing students to the norms and behaviors that are expected in school. • Programs focusing on establishing consistent, school-wide behavior expectations and on building positive relationships and school success through the use of cooperative learning have been effective in improving the behavior of elementary school children. • In middle school and high school, students can grasp the principles that underlie rules and procedures and can rationally agree to observe them. At the same tim