Can livestock be protected from wolf predation?
There are a wide variety of non-lethal techniques and products that can be employed to protect livestock from wolf predation. Such devices including turbo fladry (flags hung off of an electric wire), electronic training collars, non-lethal ammunition (capsicum filled, rubber, or noise making rounds), and guard animals (dogs and llamas) have all been effectively utilized to reduce wolf-livestock conflicts. Improved husbandry practices include the penning of livestock during birthing season and at night, the removal of animal carcasses from the field, and even shepherding (range riding). While wolves can habituate to individual techniques over the long term, recent successes in Idaho show that a combination of non-lethal methodologies can be 100 percent effective.
