How do students in TWI programs compare academically with those in English-only classes?
Both English- and Spanish-speakers perform at comparable or superior levels compared to same-language peers in other educational settings. On norm-referenced standardized tests of reading and math achievement in English, native English-speakers outscore their peers in English-only classrooms. English language learners who learn English in a TWI program score significantly higher than their English language learning peers in other kinds of programs and also perform on par with native English-speakers in English-only classrooms ( Lindholm-Leary, 2005; Lindholm-Leary & Borsato, in press).