Suppose that we want to measure the difference between the color of a test object and a reference object. How would I choose between using RGB color space and CIE Lab for color difference?
RGB is a device color space and will vary from device to device. The values have no perceptual meaning and the meaning of differences between them will vary from device to device. CIELAB is a color space that describes color in terms of human perception independent of the device used to create the color. Color differences in CIELAB have perceptual meaning. So, if you want to know about perceived color, rather than an arbitrary color designation, you need to use CIELAB.
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