What are the Renal ultrasound limitations in the evaluation of urinary tract obstruction?
• Renal ultrasound is a good initial diagnostic tool for urinary tract obstruction, however US can both under diagnose hydronephrosis (high false negative rate) and over diagnose obstruction secondary to appearance of hydronephrosis (high false positive rate). What is the role of retrograde pyelogram in evaluating patients with urinary tract obstruction? • Hematuria and Flank Pain Describe the clinical setting and mode of presentation of renal stones. Nephrolithiasis is a common disease affecting men more frequently than women, with a ratio of 3-4:1. Initial presentation is in the third to fourth decade. The overall prevalence of urinary tract stone disease is 2-3% of the population per year. The likelihood that a white male will develop stone disease by the age of 70 years is 1 in 8. There are five major types of urinary stones: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid and cystine. Several factors contribute to the development of stones. Stone formation requires saturat
