What is the smallest chunk of data that can hold a complete watermark?
For audio, probably a few seconds, depending on the signal. Our audio CODEC (“COde/DECode”, late 1997), developed for industry deployment and commercial use, encodes at close to 200 bits per second in stereo, 100 bits per layer per channel. The five layers, divided by channel, allow for over 1000 bits per second encoding rates. Our commercial versions are far less robust in terms of bits per second but have very high survivability against common manipulations or downsampling. As well, both copy control watermarking mechanisms and cryptographic or forensic watermarking mechanisms have been developed to perform separate but relevant authentication of the content for use in consumer electronics devices and other hardware (late 1998-99). Bits are encoded as high as -8 dB, at the most perceptually significant portions of the signal. The transforms and conversions performed to establish the CODEC parameters are discussed below: Can Giovanni digital watermarks survive analog conversion? For s
