Who introduced the personality types of the Enneagram?
Gurdjieff does not mention the personality types in his teachings, but he did focus on the ‘essential trait’ of self-deception. Oscar Ichazo claimed to have learned about the Enneagram from Sufi teachers in Afghanistan. As Ichazo taught the Enneagram four decades after Gurdjieff, it’s possible that Ichazo’s “easily manageable study of personality types” (Vollmar), emphasizing the negative and shadow sides of the nine types, was Ichazo’s dilution of Gurdjieff’s Enneagram.
